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STORMWATER OVERVIEW 12.3.2024Stormwater Overview LJ Hansen| December 3, 2024 Agenda for Today •Stormwater Overview LJ Hansen, Director of Public Works •Flood Protection & Financing Toni Utterback, City Engineer Kevin Chatellier, Director of Budget & Management Services Question Break •Stormwater Utility Fee Update Kaitlyn James, Deputy Director of Budget & Management Services Question Break •Coastal Storm Risk Management LJ Hansen, Director of Public Works 2 Stormwater Elements Stormwater Operations Flood Protection Program (FPP) Regulatory Coastal Storm Risk Management 3 Stormwater Fund (ERU) Stormwater Operations Flood Protection Program (FPP) Regulatory Coastal Storm Risk Management 4 Stormwater Fund (ERU) FY25 Revenue - $49.3M Budgeted Expenditures Operations & Maintenance $20.5M Operations CIP (Pay-Go)$11.5M Regulatory CIP (Pay-Go)$5.2M Flood Protection CIP (Debt Service)$12.1M Total Expenditures $49.3M 5 2.5¢ Real Estate Dedication (Stormwater Lockbox) Stormwater Operations Flood Protection Program (FPP) Regulatory Coastal Storm Risk Management 6 2.5¢ Real Estate Dedication (Stormwater Lockbox) FY25 Revenue - $19.7M Expenditures 7 Engineering - SWEC $4.9M Operations & Maintenance $6.6M Regulatory $2.8M Mosquito Control $2.8M Street Sweeping $3.1M Total Expenditures $20.2M 4.1¢ Real Estate Dedication (Flood Protection Lockbox) Stormwater Operations Flood Protection Program (FPP) Regulatory Coastal Storm Risk Management 8 4.1¢ Real Estate Dedication (Flood Protection Lockbox) FY25 Revenue - $32.3M Expenditures Flood Protection Debt Service Future Capital Reserve $ 9.7 M 22.6 M Total Expenditures $32.3M 9 Flood Protection Program Update Toni Utterback, PE | December 3, 2024 10 Project Status – Q1 2024 11 Preliminary Engineering 30% Design60% Design90% Design100% Design PS&E Design-Build Construction In-Progress Construction Complete Future Projects West Neck Creek Bridge Sandbridge/ New Bridge Intersection (On Hold) Windsor Woods/PAP/ The Lakes (In Design) Windsor Woods Tide Gate Club House Road Drainage Vista Circle Pump Station Pungo Ferry Road Poinciana Pump Station South Plaza Trail/ Presidential Blvd Cape Henry Canal Sanitary Sewer Relocation Central Resort District Drainage Bow Creek Stormwater Park (Section 1) Lake Pleasure House Outfall Lake Bradford Dredging Seatack Drainage Eastern Shore Drive (ESD) Drainage Bundle ESD Roadway Drainage 1F &1G Bow Creek Stormwater Park (Section 2) Back Bay Marsh Restoration Elizabeth River Floodplain Restoration First Colonial Rd Oceana Blvd Drainage Lake Bradford/ Chubb Lake Pump Station & Outfall Church Point/ Thoroughgood BMP & Conveyance Old Forge Road & Red Lion Drainage Project Status – Q4 2024 Preliminary Engineering 30% Design60% Design90% Design100% Design PS&E Design-Build Construction In-Progress Construction Complete Future Projects West Neck Creek Bridge Sandbridge/ New Bridge Intersection (On Hold) Windsor Woods/PAP/ The Lakes (In Design) Windsor Woods Tide Gate Finish Q2 2025 Club House Road Drainage Pungo Ferry Road Poinciana Pump Station South Plaza Trail/ Presidential Blvd Finish Q3 2025 Cape Henry Canal Sanitary Sewer Relocation Central Resort District Drainage Bow Creek Stormwater Park (Section 1) Finish Q4 2026 Lake Pleasure House Outfall Seatack Drainage Finish Q2 2025 Lake Bradford Dredging Church Point/ Thoroughgood BMP & Conveyance ESD Roadway Drainage 1F &1G Bow Creek Stormwater Park (Section 2) Back Bay Marsh Restoration Eastern Shore Drive (ESD) Drainage Bundle Elizabeth River Floodplain Restoration First Colonial Rd Oceana Blvd Drainage (In Procurement) Lake Bradford/ Chubb Lake Pump Station (In Procurement) Old Forge Road & Red Lion Drainage 12 Program Spending – Through November 2024 13 Total $95.2 M $12 M since last quarter CIP Section Overview •FY 2024-25 Adopted CIP – 39 projects and programs •29 projects are grouped into 7 master projects •10 standalone projects and programs •$775.7 M appropriations to date (ATD) •$821.5 M total 6-year programmed funding Central Resort District Eastern Shore Drive Phase I Lake Bradford/Chubb Lake Linkhorn Bay Drainage Basin Southern Rivers Watershed Stormwater Green Infrastructure Windsor Woods, Princess Anne Plaza & The Lakes 14 Flood Protection Program Funding Sources 15 1.1%0.6% 21.5% 69.1% 1.5% 6.1% Flood Protection Pay-Go - $8.95 M General Fund - $5.27 M Stormwater Enterprise Fund Pay-Go and Bonds (ERU) - $176.81 M Flood Protection Bonds - $567.50 M State Contribution - $12.66 M Federal Contribution - $50.28 M Total FY25 Flood Protection Programmed Funding: $821.5 M Standalone Projects & Programs 16 CIP #Miscellaneous Project and Programs Estimate Status Programmed Funding BTC 100126 College Park and Level Green Drainage Improvements $3,121,000 Construction $3,121,000 100280 North Lake Holly Watershed $26,151,135 Construction $26,151,135 100388 South Lake Holly Watershed $16,009,587 Construction $16,009,587 100273 Neighborhood SW Infrastructure Improvements II $8,232,911 On-Going Program $8,232,911 100504 Parcel Level Flood Mitigation Program $2,500,000 On-Going Program $2,500,000 100365 Sea Level Rise/Recurrent Flooding Analysis $5,390,040 On-Going Program $5,390,040 100582 Stormwater Infrastructure Cost Participation $18,000,000 On-Going Program $18,000,000 100578 Stormwater Project Administration $11,000,000 On-Going Program $11,000,000 100406 SWM Master Planning, Analysis, and Inventory $19,572,766 On-Going Program $19,572,766 100512 USACE Regional Coastal Storm Risk Management Study $6,650,000 Underway $5,272,000 $1,378,000 Total $116,627,439 $115,249,439 $1,378,000 Above Target Request Projects with Planning Estimates 17 CIP #Projects in Planning Planning Estimate 100275 •Central Resort District - 21st & Baltic Drainage Improvements 100061 Central Resort District - 24th Street Culvert $113M 100062 Central Resort District Drainage Improvements 100539 Eastern Shore Drive Vista Circle Pump Station 100153 Eastern Shore Drive Cape Henry Canal - Widen and Deepen Canal 100538 Eastern Shore Drive - Elevate Lynnhaven Drive $61.5M 100167 Eastern Shore Drive - Lynnhaven Colony Park Pump Station 100150 Eastern Shore Drive - Lynnhaven Drive Pump Station 100596 Church Point/Thoroughgood BMP & Conveyance $146.3M 100595 Lake Bradford/Chubb Lake PS & Outfall (Design-Build) 100548 Pungo Ferry Road Improvements $102.2 M 100602 West Neck Bridge (Design-Build) 100517 PAP North London Bridge Creek Tide Gate, Pump Station and Barriers 100604 The Lakes Flood Barriers 100418 The Lakes Holland Road Gate 100521 The Lakes South London Bridge Creek Channels and Gate $337.9M 100605 Windsor Woods Flood Barriers 100487 Windsor Woods Pump Station 100553 Windsor Woods Thalia Creek/Lake Trashmore Improvements Total $760.9M Bond Supported Projects Projects with Baseline Estimates 18 CIP #Projects with Baselines Baseline Estimate Current Estimate Variance 100153 Eastern Shore Drive Cape Henry Canal Sanitary Sewer Relocation $2.91 M $2.49 M -$0.42 M 100597 & 100598 Eastern Shore Drive, 1F & 1G $8.40 M $7.95 M -$0.45 M 100599 Eastern Shore Drive Poinciana Pump Station $18.46 M $26.80 M $8.34 M 100229 Lake Bradford Dredging $1.51 M $2.62 M $1.10 M 100229 Lake Pleasure House Outfall $0.52 M $1.30 M $0.78 M 100229 Lake Bradford/Chubb Lake PER/Design $0.62 M $2.08 M $1.46 M 100601 First Colonial Road & Oceana Blvd Drainage $6.97 M $7.74 M $0.77 M 100600 Seatack Neighborhood Drainage Improvement $6.94 M $6.93 M -$0.02 M 100603 Sandbridge/New Bridge Intersection $7.99 M $8.39 M $0.40 M 100551 Elizabeth River Floodplain Restoration Project $10.86 M $8.35 M -$2.51 M 100551 Marsh Restoration In Back Bay $26.67 M $46.46 M $19.79 M 100516 Bow Creek Stormwater Park - Section 1 $42.09 M $41.73 M -$0.36 M 100516 Bow Creek Stormwater Park - Section 2 $60.12 M $68.02 M $7.90 M 100486 Club House Road Storm Drainage $4.90 M $4.13 M -$0.77 M 100486 Old Forge Rd & Red Lion Rd Drainage $2.71 M $5.09 M $2.38 M 100486 South Plaza Trail/Presidential Blvd $4.41 M $11.64 M $7.24 M 100486 Windsor Woods Drainage $3.61 M $11.92 M $8.32 M 100488 Windsor Woods Tide Gate $11.43 M $21.21 M $9.78 M Total $221.1 M $284.8 M $63.7 M Bond Supported Projects Flood Protection Program Estimate – Q4 2024 Master Projects Planning Estimate ($M) Baseline Estimate ($M) Current Estimate ($M) Variance ($M) ATD ($M) BTC ($M) Central Resort District 113.0 0 113.0 0.0 97.4 15.6 Eastern Shore Drive 61.5 29.8 98.8 7.5 59.2 39.6 Lake Bradford/Chubb Lake 146.3 2.7 152.3 3.3 114.1 38.2 Linkhorn Bay 0 13.9 14.7 0.8 11.3 3.4 Southern Rivers 102.2 8.0 110.6 0.4 107.5 3.1 Stormwater Green Infrastructure 0 37.5 54.8 17.3 54.8 0 Windsor Woods, Princess Anne Plaza, The Lakes 337.9 129.3 501.6 34.5 266.9 234.7 Total 760.9 221.1 1,045.7 63.7 711.2 334.5 Program Variance – 6% $761M $761M $221M $285M $0 $200 $400 $600 $800 $1,000 $1,200 BENCHMARK CURRENT Baseline Planning $982 M $1.046 B 19 Program Grants – Q4 2024 #Project Grant Amount Awarded 1 Eastern Shore Drive Drainage Improvements BRIC 25,144,014 2 Elizabeth River Wetland and Floodplain Restoration CFPF 3,000,000 3 Seatack Neighborhood Drainage Improvements CFPF 1,925,000 4 First Colonial Road and Oceana Boulevard Stormwater Improvements CFPF 2,021,662 5 Back Bay Marsh Restoration Construction CFPF 5,000,000 6 Back Bay Marsh Restoration Design NCRF NFWF 135,124 7 Back Bay Marsh Restoration Construction NCRF NFWF 9,886,400 8 Pungo Ferry Road Improvements PROTECT 19,012,917 Total 66,125,117 Funding Types: BRIC = Building Resilient Infrastructure and Communities (FEMA) CFPF = VA Community Flood Protection Fund (VA DCR) NCRF NFWF = National Coastal Resilience Fund through National Fish & Wildlife Foundation National Coastal Resilience Fund PROTECT = Promoting Resilient Operations for Transformative, Efficient, and Cost-saving Transportation (US DOT) 20 Projects with Construction Schedule Changes 21 Marsh Restoration in Back Bay Baseline Q4 2023 Q2 2024 Q4 2026 Current Q1 2025 Q2 2025 Q1 2028 Elizabeth River Floodplain Restoration Baseline Q1 2024 Q3 2024 Q1 2025 Current Q4 2024 Q1 2025 Q4 2025 First Colonial Road and Oceana Boulevard Drainage Improvements Baseline Q1 2024 Q2 2024 Q3 2025 Current Q4 2024 Q1 2025 Q4 2025 Sandbridge/New Bridge Intersection Improvements Baseline Q3 2027 Q1 2028 Q1 2030 Current Q2 2028 Q3 2028 Q4 2030 Construction Start Construction Complete Invitation to Bid Factors Influencing Costs and Schedules •Environmental Permits •Continued Supply Chain Shortages •Manufacturing and delivery times increasing from months to years •Capital projects competing for materials in an overheated economy •Land Swap for Federal Property •Time of Year Restrictions •Cost of materials and labor continues to be affected by residual Inflation 22 Mitigation Strategy •Continue to Seek Grant Funding •$7 M CFPF Application for Bow Creek Stormwater Park Section 2 •$35 M BRIC Application for Lake Bradford/Chubb Lake Pump Station and Outfall •Perform value engineering to reduce and refine scope •Phase Projects (Central Resort) 23 Example of Value Engineering Eastern Shore Drive Phase I – Lynnhaven Colony Park Pump Station & Vista Circle Pump Station •Upgrading and expanding Lynnhaven Colony Park Pump Station thereby eliminating the Vista Circle Pump Station •Lynnhaven Colony Park Pump Station was designed to operate with 2 pumps and 1 redundant pump •Vista Circle Pump Station was designed to operate with 4 pumps and 1 redundant pump •Revised Lynnhaven Colony Park Pump Station will be expanded to accommodate 5 pumps, adding 3 now, with the potential to add 2 more. •Estimated Cost Savings ~$13.1 M 24 Example of Value Engineering- continued Eastern Shore Drive Phase I – Poinciana Pump Station •Relocating proposed 54-inch outfall from Maple Street to its existing location on Sandalwood Road •Reduction in length of 54-inch pipe •Construction time savings •Estimated Cost Savings ~$1.0 M 25 26 Flood Protection Financing Kevin Chatellier| December 3, 2024 Stormwater Elements Stormwater Operations Flood Protection Program (FPP) Regulatory Coastal Storm Risk Management 28 FPP Background •Prior to 2021 Flood Protection projects were funded by the Stormwater Enterprise Fund •November 2021 Referendum – authorized $567.5 million in General Obligation Bonds •Supported by 4.1¢ dedication of real estate tax •Removed all future FPP projects from the Enterprise Fund •All $567.5 million in bonds must be issued by 2031 •First bond sale was held in Spring 2024 •CIP ordinance authorizes administrative transfers within same “master project” 29 Flood Protection Current Program 30 Source ATD FY 26 FY 27 FY 28 FY 29 FY 30 FY 31 Total Flood Protection Pay-Go 3,950,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 9,950,000 General Fund Support 2,550,000 1,100,000 1,622,000 - - - - 5,272,000 Stormwater Pay-Go 6,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 18,000,000 State Grants 12,658,840 - - - - - - 12,658,840 Federal Grants 50,277,538 - - - - - - 50,277,538 Stormwater Bonds 160,809,545 - - - - - - 160,809,545 Flood Protection Bonds 567,500,000 - - - - - - 567,500,000 Total 803,745,923 4,100,000 4,622,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 824,467,923 $567.5 Million- General Obligation Bonds- Financial Plan •November 16, 2021 City Council Resolution to establishing a financial plan included the following: “In furtherance of the long-term flood mitigation needs of the City, the general obligation bonding capacity created by the retirement of the debt authorized by the November 2021 referendum shall be reserved exclusively for the issuance of bonds to finance Phase 2 of the City’s flood mitigation program and subsequent sea level rise projects.” 31 What does that mean and how is it tracked? 32 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 FY 2024-25 FY 2025-26 FY 2026-27 FY 2027-28 FY 2028-29 FY 2029-30 Total New Bond Issues Amount Spring 2024 118,000,000 5,900,000 5,900,000 5,900,000 5,900,000 5,900,000 5,900,000 35,400,000 Spring 2025 - - - - - - - - Spring 2026 150,970,927 - - 7,548,546 7,548,546 7,548,546 7,548,546 30,194,184 Spring 2027 - - - - - - - - Spring 2028 298,529,073 14,926,454 14,926,454 29,852,908 Total Estimated Principal Retirement 5,900,000 5,900,000 13,448,546 13,448,546 28,375,000 28,375,000 95,447,092 Total Bonding Limits 5,900,000 5,900,000 13,448,546 13,448,546 28,375,000 28,375,000 95,447,092 Charter Bonds Allocated - - - - - - - Total Annual Unallocated Bond Authority 5,900,000 5,900,000 13,448,546 13,448,546 28,375,000 28,375,000 95,447,092 Prior Year Unallocated Bond Authority - - - - - - Cumulative Unallocated Bond Authority 5,900,000 11,800,000 25,248,546 38,697,092 67,072,092 95,447,092 Computation of Referendum Bonding Limits CALENDAR YEAR RETIREMENT Flood Protection Program – Additional Bonds 33 Source ATD FY 26 FY 27 FY 28 FY 29 FY 30 FY 31 Total Flood Protection Pay-Go 3,950,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 9,950,000 General Fund Pay-Go 2,550,000 1,100,000 1,622,000 - - - - 5,272,000 Stormwater Pay-Go 6,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 18,000,000 State Grants 12,658,840 - - - - - - 12,658,840 Federal Grants 50,277,538 - - - - - - 50,277,538 Stormwater Bonds 160,809,545 - - - - - - 160,809,545 Flood Protection Bonds (FPP)567,500,000 - - - - - - 567,500,000 FPP Charter Bonds-FY24 Sale - 11,800,000 5,900,000 5,900,000 5,900,000 5,900,000 5,900,000 41,300,000 FPP Charter Bonds-FY26 Sale - 7,548,546 7,548,546 7,548,546 7,548,546 7,548,546 37,742,732 FPP Charter Bonds- FY28 Sale - - - - 14,926,454 14,926,454 14,926,454 44,779,361 Bond Premium - 12,994,868 - 15,097,093 - 29,852,907 - 57,944,868 Total 803,745,923 28,894,868 18,070,546 31,545,639 31,375,000 61,227,907 31,375,000 1,006,234,884 Thank you Questions? Up Next: Stormwater Utility Fee Update 34 Stormwater Utility Fee Update Kaitlyn James | December 3, 2024 Purpose Operating Budget Policy: The City will set fees and user charges for each self-supporting Enterprise Fund (i.e., Water, Sewer, Waste Management, and Stormwater) at a level that fully supports the costs of the fund to include operation, maintenance, capital replacement, indirect cost, depreciation, renewals, and debt service. 36 Background •Stormwater Enterprise Fund established in 1993 •Primary revenue - stormwater equivalent residential unit (ERU) fee •Prior to 2021 Referendum, the ERU supported flood protection projects, operations, and water quality •Currently supports: •98 Operations & Maintenance FTEs •Debt Service •Pay -Go Transfers to the CIP •Water Quality •Operations and Maintenance 37 The ERU Fee •Daily 49.3 cent fee •An ERU is equal to 2,269 square feet •All single-family homes are billed for one ERU •Nonresidential parcels are billed as multiples of the ERU based on actual impervious area •Commercial properties are also eligible for a stormwater fee credit •Undeveloped property is not charged an ERU fee •Without increased development, revenue remains relatively flat 38 History of the Stormwater ERU Fee •In FY 1993-94 the ERU Fee was 9¢ per day •Incrementally increased to current rate of 49.3¢ per day •In FY 2017-18 the City Council adopted a 5-year rate increase of 2.5 cents annually – suspended in FY 2018-19 •In FY 2019-20 the City Council adopted a new 5-year rate increase of 3.5 cents annually – suspended in FY 2020-21 •Current rate frozen – by ordinance – following Flood Protection Bond Referendum until FY 2028-29 •Authorized a 3.5 cent annual increase through FY 2032-33 39 Current Forecast Baseline FY 2025 FY 2026 FY 2027 FY 2028 FY 2029 Personnel 9,348,184 9,848,226 10,237,598 10,544,726 10,960,712 Operating 9,655,616 10,000,148 10,239,000 10,484,411 10,736,574 Capital Outlay 1,500,000 1,500,000 1,500,000 1,500,000 1,500,000 Debt Service 12,127,631 14,391,428 14,416,503 16,902,764 16,918,539 Pay -Go 16,644,767 17,867,108 16,330,758 16,376,191 16,376,191 Total 49,276,198 53,606,910 52,723,858 55,808,092 56,492,016 Revenue FY 2025 FY 2026 FY 2027 FY 2028 FY 2029 ERU 45,919,210 47,301,000 47,442,903 47,585,232 51,116,384 Interest 600,000 1,150,047 1,213,310 1,256,685 1,277,671 Misc. 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 Fund Balance 2,752,988 ---- Total 49,276,198 48,455,047 48,660,213 48,845,917 52,398,055 Difference -(5,151,863) (4,063,646)(6,962,175) (4,093,961) 40 Current Forecast Assumptions •Personnel •No additional FTEs •3% salary increases annually •3% increase to employer health care annually •1.5% bi-annual increase to retirement costs •Operating •3% cost escalations annually •1% increase in transfers to the General Fund and Public Utilities •No change in CIP transfer from Adopted Budget • Debt Service •$80 million issuance in FY25 •$35 million issuance every other year •Revenue •1% annual growth until FY 2028-29 41 Options to Close – FY 2025-26 Budget Development •FY 2025-26 Proposed Budget will have a balanced fund • Reductions to expenditures •Reductions to the CIP pay-go transfer •Reductions in capital replacement budgets •Redirection of FTEs to the General Fund And/Or.. •Increase in revenues •Every 1¢ of the ERU is approximately $940k •Additional state revenue •Additional support from other funds 42 Potential Rate #1 – Current Operations Current Operations FY 2025 FY 2026 FY 2027 FY 2028 FY 2029 Daily Rate 49.3¢55.2¢57.4¢59.1¢60.3¢ Increase -5.9¢2.2¢1.7¢1.2¢ •A 5.9¢ increase would be $21.54 annually, or $1.79 per month •Meets current operational needs 43 Operational Needs Assessment •In June 2024 Jacobs Engineering provided an analysis on stormwater operations •Recommendations based on increased needs from Flood Protection projects •19 additional FTEs •Additional Equipment •Stormwater Operations Center •These recommendations are not factored into the current forecast 44 Potential Rate #2 – Operational Needs Assessment Current Operations FY 2025 FY 2026 FY 2027 FY 2028 FY 2029 Daily Rate 49.3¢58.2¢60.5¢62.3¢63.5¢ Increase -8.9¢2.3¢1.8¢1.2¢ •An 8.9¢ increase would be $32.49 annually, or $2.71 per month •Meets current operational needs as well as future additional staffing and capital needs of completed Flood Protection projects 45 Next Steps •FY 2025-26 Operating Budget and CIP process will provide sustainable funding plan for Stormwater Enterprise Fund •Based on current assumptions, if a rate increase is proposed, estimated to be between 5.9¢ and 8.9¢ 46 Questions? Up Next: CSRM Financial Considerations 47 Coastal Storm Risk Management (CSRM) Financial Considerations LJ Hansen| December 3, 2024 48 Stormwater Elements Stormwater Operations Flood Protection Program (FPP) Regulatory Coastal Storm Risk Management 49 October 15th, 2024 Presentation 50 CSRM Study Report Package Schedule 51 After the Report FY29? 52 •The final Feasibility Report will recommend a plan for authorization and construction and includes an initial design (~30%) and Class III cost estimate •The Chief’s Report allows for congress to authorize the recommended project and appropriate federal funds for implementation •The City of Norfolk CSRM Feasibility Study recommended $2.6B in projects • Norfolk is currently in the preconstruction engineering and design phase and has been allocated $399.3 million via the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law (BIL) CSRM Identified Match Funding Stormwater Operations Flood Protection Program (FPP) Regulatory Coastal Storm Risk Management No match funding identified so far 53 Anticipated Fiscal Impacts 54 •USACE, Civil Works construction activities have historically utilized a 65% Federal Share with a 35% Non-Federal Matching Share •Assuming that the VB study recommends a $3B- $5B suite of projects the local share could reach $1.75B over the course of phased implementation •Non-Federal matching share can be made up of: •State Funding •Grants •Private donations •Locality Funding Concluding Questions & Comments 55